182 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
182 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
# NES
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the console from Nintendo that plays Super Mario Bros. and helped revive the agonizing video game market in the US during mid-80s.
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also known as Famicom. it is a five-channel sound generator: first two channels play pulse wave with three different duty cycles, third is a fixed-volume triangle channel, fourth is a noise channel (can work in both pseudo-random and periodic modes) and fifth is a (D)PCM sample channel.
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# effects
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- `11xx`: **write to delta modulation counter.** range is `00` to `7F`.
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- this may be used to attenuate the triangle and noise channels; at `7F`, they will be at about 57% volume.
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- will not work if a sample is playing.
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- `12xx`: **set duty cycle or noise mode of channel.**
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- may be `0` to `3` for the pulse channels:
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- `0`: 12.5%
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- `1`: 25%
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- `2`: 50%
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- `3`: 75%
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- may be `0` or `1` for the noise channel:
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- `0`: long (15-bit LFSR, 32767-step)
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- `1`: short (9-bit LFSR, 93-step)
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- `13xy`: **setup sweep up.**
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- `x` is the time.
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- `y` is the shift.
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- set to `0` to disable it.
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- `14xy`: **setup sweep down.**
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- `x` is the time.
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- `y` is the shift.
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- set to `0` to disable it.
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- `15xx`: **set envelope mode.**
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- `0`: envelope + length counter. volume represents envelope duration.
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- `1`: length counter. volume represents output volume.
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- `2`: looping envelope. volume represents envelope duration.
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- `3`: constant volume. default value. volume represents output volume.
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- Pulse and noise channels only.
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- you may need to apply a phase reset (using the macro) to make the envelope effective.
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- `16xx`: **set length counter.**
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- see table below for possible values.
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- this will trigger phase reset.
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- `17xx`: **set frame counter mode.**
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- `0`: 4-step.
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- NTSC: 120Hz sweeps and lengths; 240Hz envelope.
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- PAL: 100Hz sweeps and lengths; 200Hz envelope.
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- Dendy: 118.9Hz sweeps and lengths; 237.8Hz envelope.
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- `1`: 5-step.
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- NTSC: 96Hz sweeps and lengths; 192Hz envelope.
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- PAL: 80Hz sweeps and lengths; 160Hz envelope.
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- Dendy: 95.1Hz sweeps and lengths; 190.2Hz envelope.
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- `18xx`: **set PCM channel mode.**
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- `00`: PCM (software).
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- `01`: DPCM (hardware).
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- when in DPCM mode, samples will sound muffled (due to its nature), availables pitches are limited, and loop point is ignored.
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- `19xx`: **set triangle linear counter.**
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- `00` to `7F` set the counter.
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- `80` and higher halt it.
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- `20xx`: **set DPCM frequency.**
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- only works in DPCM mode.
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- see table below for possible values.
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# tables
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## short noise frequencies (NTSC)
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note | arpeggio | fundamental | MIDI note | pitch
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:---- | -------: | ----------: | --------: | :----------
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`C-0` | @0 | 4.7 Hz | -9.47 | `d_1` + 53¢
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`C#0` | @1 | 9.5 Hz | 2.53 | `D-0` + 53¢
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`D-0` | @2 | 18.9 Hz | 14.55 | `D-1` + 55¢
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`D#0` | @3 | 25.3 Hz | 19.53 | `G-1` + 53¢
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`E-0` | @4 | 37.9 Hz | 26.55 | `D-2` + 55¢
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`F-0` | @5 | 50.6 Hz | 31.57 | `G-2` + 57¢
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`F#0` | @6 | 75.8 Hz | 38.55 | `D-3` + 55¢
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`G-0` | @7 | 95.3 Hz | 42.51 | `F#3` + 51¢
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`G#0` | @8 | 120.3 Hz | 46.55 | `A#3` + 55¢
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`A-0` | @9 | 150.4 Hz | 50.41 | `D-4` + 41¢
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`A#0` | @10 | 200.5 Hz | 55.39 | `G-4` + 39¢
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`B-0` | @11 | 300.7 Hz | 62.41 | `D-5` + 41¢
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`C-1` | @12 | 601.4 Hz | 74.41 | `D-6` + 41¢
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`C#1` | @13 | 1202.8 Hz | 86.41 | `D-7` + 41¢
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`D-1` | @14 | 2405.6 Hz | 98.41 | `D-8` + 41¢
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`D#1` | @15 | 4811.2 Hz | 110.41 | `D-9` + 41¢
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reference: [NESdev](https://www.nesdev.org/wiki/APU_Noise)
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## length counter table
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<!-- organized by input value... of little use -->
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<!--
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value | raw | NTSC | PAL | Dendy | NTSC 5-step | PAL 5-step | Dendy 5-step
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-----:|----:|------:|------:|------:|------------:|-----------:|-------------:
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`00` | 10 | 83ms | 100ms | 84ms | 104ms | 125ms | 105ms
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`01` | 254 | 2.1s | 2.5s | 2.1s | 2.6s | 3.2s | 2.7s
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`02` | 20 | 166ms | 200ms | 168ms | 208ms | 250ms | 210ms
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`03` | 2 | 17ms | 20ms | 17ms | 21ms | 25ms | 21ms
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`04` | 40 | 333ms | 400ms | 336ms | 417ms | 500ms | 421ms
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`05` | 4 | 33ms | 40ms | 34ms | 42ms | 50ms | 42ms
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`06` | 80 | 667ms | 800ms | 673ms | 833ms | 1.0s | 841ms
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`07` | 6 | 50ms | 60ms | 50ms | 63ms | 75ms | 63ms
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`08` | 160 | 1.3s | 1.6s | 1.3s | 1.7s | 2.0s | 1.7s
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`09` | 8 | 67ms | 80ms | 67ms | 83ms | 100ms | 84ms
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`0A` | 60 | 500ms | 600ms | 505ms | 625ms | 750ms | 631ms
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`0B` | 10 | 83ms | 100ms | 84ms | 104ms | 125ms | 105ms
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`0C` | 14 | 117ms | 140ms | 118ms | 146ms | 175ms | 147ms
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`0D` | 12 | 100ms | 120ms | 101ms | 125ms | 150ms | 126ms
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`0E` | 26 | 217ms | 260ms | 219ms | 271ms | 325ms | 273ms
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`0F` | 14 | 117ms | 140ms | 118ms | 145ms | 175ms | 147ms
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`10` | 12 | 100ms | 120ms | 101ms | 125ms | 150ms | 126ms
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`11` | 16 | 133ms | 160ms | 135ms | 167ms | 200ms | 168ms
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`12` | 24 | 200ms | 240ms | 202ms | 250ms | 300ms | 252ms
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`13` | 18 | 150ms | 180ms | 151ms | 188ms | 225ms | 189ms
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`14` | 48 | 400ms | 480ms | 404ms | 500ms | 600ms | 505ms
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`15` | 20 | 167ms | 200ms | 168ms | 208ms | 250ms | 210ms
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`16` | 96 | 800ms | 960ms | 807ms | 1.0s | 1.2s | 1.0s
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`17` | 22 | 183ms | 220ms | 185ms | 229ms | 275ms | 231ms
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`18` | 192 | 1.6s | 1.9s | 1.6s | 2.0s | 2.4s | 2.0s
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`19` | 24 | 200ms | 240ms | 202ms | 250ms | 300ms | 252ms
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`1A` | 72 | 600ms | 720ms | 606ms | 750ms | 900ms | 757ms
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`1B` | 26 | 217ms | 260ms | 219ms | 271ms | 325ms | 273ms
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`1C` | 16 | 133ms | 160ms | 135ms | 167ms | 200ms | 168ms
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`1D` | 28 | 233ms | 280ms | 235ms | 292ms | 350ms | 294ms
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`1E` | 32 | 267ms | 320ms | 269ms | 333ms | 400ms | 336ms
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`1F` | 30 | 250ms | 300ms | 252ms | 313ms | 375ms | 315ms
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-->
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<!-- organized by resulting times... more useful! -->
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value | raw | NTSC | PAL | Dendy | NTSC 5-step | PAL 5-step | Dendy 5-step
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-----:|----:|------:|------:|------:|------------:|-----------:|-------------:
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`03` | 2 | 17ms | 20ms | 17ms | 21ms | 25ms | 21ms
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`05` | 4 | 33ms | 40ms | 34ms | 42ms | 50ms | 42ms
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`07` | 6 | 50ms | 60ms | 50ms | 63ms | 75ms | 63ms
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`09` | 8 | 67ms | 80ms | 67ms | 83ms | 100ms | 84ms
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`00` | 10 | 83ms | 100ms | 84ms | 104ms | 125ms | 105ms
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`0B` | 10 | 83ms | 100ms | 84ms | 104ms | 125ms | 105ms
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`0D` | 12 | 100ms | 120ms | 101ms | 125ms | 150ms | 126ms
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`10` | 12 | 100ms | 120ms | 101ms | 125ms | 150ms | 126ms
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`0C` | 14 | 117ms | 140ms | 118ms | 146ms | 175ms | 147ms
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`0F` | 14 | 117ms | 140ms | 118ms | 145ms | 175ms | 147ms
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`1C` | 16 | 133ms | 160ms | 135ms | 167ms | 200ms | 168ms
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`11` | 16 | 133ms | 160ms | 135ms | 167ms | 200ms | 168ms
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`13` | 18 | 150ms | 180ms | 151ms | 188ms | 225ms | 189ms
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`02` | 20 | 166ms | 200ms | 168ms | 208ms | 250ms | 210ms
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`15` | 20 | 167ms | 200ms | 168ms | 208ms | 250ms | 210ms
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`17` | 22 | 183ms | 220ms | 185ms | 229ms | 275ms | 231ms
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`12` | 24 | 200ms | 240ms | 202ms | 250ms | 300ms | 252ms
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`19` | 24 | 200ms | 240ms | 202ms | 250ms | 300ms | 252ms
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`0E` | 26 | 217ms | 260ms | 219ms | 271ms | 325ms | 273ms
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`1B` | 26 | 217ms | 260ms | 219ms | 271ms | 325ms | 273ms
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`1D` | 28 | 233ms | 280ms | 235ms | 292ms | 350ms | 294ms
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`1F` | 30 | 250ms | 300ms | 252ms | 313ms | 375ms | 315ms
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`1E` | 32 | 267ms | 320ms | 269ms | 333ms | 400ms | 336ms
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`04` | 40 | 333ms | 400ms | 336ms | 417ms | 500ms | 421ms
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`14` | 48 | 400ms | 480ms | 404ms | 500ms | 600ms | 505ms
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`0A` | 60 | 500ms | 600ms | 505ms | 625ms | 750ms | 631ms
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`1A` | 72 | 600ms | 720ms | 606ms | 750ms | 900ms | 757ms
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`06` | 80 | 667ms | 800ms | 673ms | 833ms | 1.0s | 841ms
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`16` | 96 | 800ms | 960ms | 807ms | 1.0s | 1.2s | 1.0s
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`08` | 160 | 1.3s | 1.6s | 1.3s | 1.7s | 2.0s | 1.7s
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`18` | 192 | 1.6s | 1.9s | 1.6s | 2.0s | 2.4s | 2.0s
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`01` | 254 | 2.1s | 2.5s | 2.1s | 2.6s | 3.2s | 2.7s
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reference: [NESdev](https://www.nesdev.org/wiki/APU_Length_Counter)
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## DPCM frequency table
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value | NTSC | PAL
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------|----------:|----------:
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`00` | 4181.7Hz | 4177.4Hz
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`01` | 4709.9Hz | 4696.6Hz
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`02` | 5264.0Hz | 5261.4Hz
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`03` | 5593.0Hz | 5579.2Hz
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`04` | 6257.9Hz | 6023.9Hz
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`05` | 7046.3Hz | 7044.9Hz
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`06` | 7919.3Hz | 7917.2Hz
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`07` | 8363.4Hz | 8397.0Hz
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`08` | 9419.9Hz | 9446.6Hz
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`09` | 11186.1Hz | 11233.8Hz
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`0A` | 12604.0Hz | 12595.5Hz
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`0B` | 13982.6Hz | 14089.9Hz
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`0C` | 16884.6Hz | 16965.4Hz
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`0D` | 21306.8Hz | 21315.5Hz
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`0E` | 24858.0Hz | 25191.0Hz
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`0F` | 33143.9Hz | 33252.1Hz
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