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Krill's loader
November 2022
Krill@Plush.de
What it is
----------
This is an easy-to-use arbitrarily interruptible flexible general-purpose
file-based disk loader system with optional decompression and limited
save-with-replace capability, aiming to provide maximum loading speed while
retaining full standard Commodore DOS format compatibility and also having a
reasonably small memory footprint.
Being fully standard DOS format compatible, disks and disk images may be
written by numerous available third-party copy, transfer, and disk image
manipulation programs.
The selection of byte-stream based compression algorithms includes many popular
crunchers.
Natively supported drives include all variants of the classic Commodore drive
families of 1541, 1570/71, 1581, as well as CMD FD drives, and 1541U.
Using the KERNAL fallback option, devices like SD2IEC (slow), IDE64 (fast), and
netload are supported non-natively.
Both PAL and NTSC video systems are supported.
The drive's CPU may run custom code provided by the user.
What it isn't
-------------
Simply put, anything that's not a read-only disk driver (with limited saving
capabilities).
Although any of the following features and functionality may be built on top of
it, it is not:
- a DOS: it cannot save to newly-created files, format disks, provide random
access below file level, or otherwise organise data on a disk
- a framework of any kind: it's only active when you tell it to, it does not do
anything in the background by itself, and the machine is fully yours when the
loader is idle
- a memory expansion server: files are not cached in REU, GeoRAM, RAMLink,
RAMDrive, or similar devices
- loading in an interrupt handler or another mainline thread: this can easily
and flexibly be implemented by the user
Features
--------
- maximum raw loading speed of 7.7 kB/s (~20x) on 1541, typical speed is around
7 kB/s (~18x)
- resident size: $01f9 bytes for combined load+depack using ZX0 (fits in
$0200..$03f8), $01fb bytes with TSCrunch (fits in $0200..$03fa), $e0 bytes
load-raw only
- IRQ/NMI/DMA/sprites/badlines are allowed without restrictions
- 2bit+ATN protocol (72 cycles per byte), multiple drives on the bus are
allowed, but loading only from the primary drive
- supported crunchers: Bitnax, Byteboozer2, Doynax-LZ, Exomizer, Levelcrush,
LZSA2, NuCrunch, Pucrunch, Subsizer, tinycrunch, TSCrunch, ZX0
- depacking fully in-place using Bitnax, LZSA2, tinycrunch, TSCrunch or ZX0,
no clobbered bytes beyond unpacked data
- loading files in arbitrary order via directory with 0-terminated filename
strings
- loadnext functionality for sequential loading without specifying subsequent
filenames
- load address override for raw and crunched files
- PAL/NTSC support, NTSC is optional
- returns status codes for error checking and multiple disk handling
- optional loading and decompression to RAM at $d000..$dfff
- optional saving to pre-existing save-slot files
- optional memory decompression without loading
- optional loading via shadow directory for unrestricted dir-art
- custom drive code API facilitating co-processing on the drive's CPU
- full on-the-fly block GCR read+decode+checksumming
- native interleave at 100% CPU for loading uncompressed files is 3 revolutions
per track on tracks 18+, 4 on tracks 1-17, and 4 for all tracks for
compressed files
- implements Shrydar stepping for minimised seek time to an adjacent track
- free relocation of install routine, resident/transient portions and zeropage
variables
Folder structure overview
-------------------------
- loader this
- build output files
- docs documentation
- include include files
- src source code
- decompress decrunch routines
- drives drive-side code
- hal hardware abstraction layer implementations
- samples example projects
- benchmark benchmark using Bitfire/Sparkle corpus
- cc65 using the loader from a C program
- drivecode running custom code in the drive
- minexample minimum example
- resources graphics and other binaries
- save overwriting data in save-slot files
- standalone use loader from BASIC prompt
- test test application
- turndisk disk change handling
- tools utilities
- b2 Byteboozer2
- bitnax-07a8c67 Bitnax
- cc1541 use cc1541 for optimised disk images
- dali ZX0
- doynamite1.1 Doynax-LZ
- exomizer-3.1 Exomizer
- lzsa LZSA(2)
- nucrunch-1.0.1 NuCrunch
- pucrunch Pucrunch
- subsizer-0.7pre1 Subsizer
- tinycrunch_v1.2 tinycrunch
- tscrunch TSCrunch
- wcrush LevelCrush
- shared miscellaneous include files
Building the binaries
---------------------
Prebuilt binaries (install-c64.prg, loader-c64.prg and loadersymbols-c64.inc)
can be found in loader/build.
To build them, prerequisites are ca65 (see https://www.cc65.org,
https://cc65.github.io, or https://github.com/cc65/cc65), make, and perl.
In loader or loader/src, run
$ make prg
This will produce (and overwrite) install-c64.prg, loader-c64.prg, and
loadersymbols-c64.inc in loader/build.
To specify zeropage, install and resident addresses, run, e.g.,
$ make prg ZP=e8 INSTALL=1000 RESIDENT=ce00
which will produce binaries using zeropage addresses $e8 and up, with the
install routine located at $1000 and the resident portion at $ce00.
The two .prg files are regular C-64 program files with 2 bytes load address and
can be linked statically using .incbin or similar features of any 6502
assembler/linker.
The symbols file is a text file defining the call addresses and zeropage
variables in canonical 6502 assembler syntax and is intended to be included from
assembly source code.
Configuration
-------------
The main configuration file is loader/include/config.inc. The individual
settings of the options are evaluated at build time and directly control various
aspects of the loader's functionality and its memory footprint.
This include file can be overridden by setting the EXTCONFIGPATH environment
variable to a folder containing a file named loaderconfig.inc.
Note that NTSC support is optional, and disabled in the pre-built binaries. This
is because it slightly reduces PAL performance. However, resident portion
incarnations with and without NTSC support can be selected at run-time in order
to achieve maximum performance for both PAL and NTSC.
Refer to loader/samples for various example projects using different individual
external configuration files.
Basic operation
---------------
Before the loader can operate, its drive-side code portion(s) must be installed
in the drive(s). This is done by
jsr install; subsequent loader calls will only work on the active drive as
; denoted by FA = $ae
bcs error
; loader installed successfully
On error, the carry flag is set and an error code is returned in the accu. As
the install routine calls various KERNAL routines, the KERNAL ROM must be
enabled (e.g., $01 set to $36 or $37).
Note that the KERNAL routines also perform SEI and CLI, so it's advisable to set
up any custom interrupt handlers or enable sprites only after installing the
loader.
Also note that some variables in lowmem ($0200..$03ff) will be overwritten by
some KERNAL routines the install routine is calling. Thus, if the resident
portion resides in memory below $0400, make sure to copy it there only after
installing the loader.
Furthermore, in additon to FA = $ae, some more zeropage variables must have
valid values. See the bottom of loader/include/loader.inc for details. This list
may not be complete.
The drive-side portion remains resident in the drive. After successful
installation, the install routine is not needed any more and may be overwritten.
The KERNAL ROM may be disabled and zeropage variables clobbered.
With the installed loader, files can only be loaded from the active drive, which
cannot be changed, and all other drives will remain inert:
ldx #<filename
ldy #>filename
jsr loadraw; load without decompression
bcs error; accu contains error code when carry is set after loading
; unpacked file loaded successfully
ldx #<packed
ldy #>packed
jsr loadcompd; load with decompression
bcs error; accu contains error code when carry is set after loading
; packed file loaded successfully
[...]
filename:
.petscii "unpacked"
.byte 0
packed:
.petscii "packed"
.byte 0
Note that the filename strings are 0-terminated.
While loading using filenames with wildcards ("?" and "*") is not possible,
subsequent files following the previously-loaded file can be loaded via a
zero-length filename:
ldx #<nextfile
ldy #>nextfile
jsr loadraw; or loadcompd
bcs error
[...]
nextfile:
.byte 0
The first file to be loaded by the loader must be loaded via its actual
filename. Any subsequent files may then be loaded using the loadnext feature.
It is strongly recommended to always check the carry flag for errors and handle
them.
The loader code is completely inert when the loader is idle. Thus, the resident
code portion can be buffered away, overwritten, and copied back without any
problems. It is also possible to have different incarnations of the resident
code portion, such as with and without decompression, or with different
decompression routines.
See loader/samples/minexample for a minimal loader usage example.
Refer to loader/include/loader.inc for the definition of the error codes and
various ca65-syntax convenience macros illustrating usage of the various loader
calls.
Setting the VIC bank
--------------------
The VIC bank may be set by writing to $dd00 at any time after installing the
loader, including setting it from an interrupt handler while loading. However,
the upper 6 bits must always be set to 0. This means that no masking of the
value read from $dd00 must be performed, and setting the VIC bank is as simple
as
lda #vicbank; 4 legal values: $00, $01, $02 and $03
sta $dd00
The 4 values are not inverted, i.e., $03 is the lowmost VIC bank at
$0000..$3fff, as usual.
When $dd00 is buffered and later restored, the value written back must also be
restricted to 0..3.
lda $dd00
and #$03
sta dd00buffer
[...]
lda dd00buffer
sta $dd00
Refer to loader/include/loader.inc for a ca65-syntax convenience macro to set
the VIC bank.
Zeropage usage
--------------
The loader's zeropage variables may be overwritten while it's idle. While
loading, the addresses from loader_zp_first up to and including loader_zp_last
as denoted in loadersymbols-c64.inc must not be written to.
Handling disk changes
---------------------
Waiting for a specific disk to be inserted is done by enabling the
FILE_EXISTS_API, then determining whether a specific disk is inserted by
checking in a loop whether a file that only exists on that disk is found.
The loop would look like this:
retry:
ldx #<filename
ldy #>filename
jsr fileexists
bcs retry; branch on file not found or error
; file exists
Once the file is found, it (or another file expected on the inserted disk) can
be loaded.
Without the FILE_EXISTS_API, an alternative way to handle disk changes is to try
to load a file that only exists on that disk in a loop until the file (or its
first byte) is loaded successfully.
Thus, it is sufficient to perform
retry:
ldx #<filename
ldy #>filename
jsr loadraw; or loadcompd
bcs retry; branch on error
; file loaded successfully
The detection whether the file exists on the currently inserted disk can be sped
up by having the file be merely one block big, or by resetting loadaddrhi to 0
before loading and then polling it for change from an interrupt handler.
Refer to loader/samples/turndisk for an example.
Compressing files
-----------------
Generally, files need to be compressed (and decompressed) in forward (memory
address ascending) direction, and the compressed file's load address should be
set so that the end of the compressed data aligns with the end of its
uncompressed counterpart, such that in-place decompression can be performed.
Refer to the Makefile in loader/ for the "tools" target to build all the
crunchers:
$ make tools
Also refer to loader/samples/benchmark/Makefile or loader/samples/test/Makefile
for the corresponding command line arguments for each of the supported crunchers.
Synchronisation
---------------
For linearly loading and executing productions like demos, the general practice
is to tie events such as loading files (and subsequently executing them) to
specific music frame counts.
A music frame usually coincides with a video frame, as the player is called once
a frame, such that a frame count may be updated with calling the player.
As loading generally does not take a well-determined period of time to finish
(there is quite some deviation between different disks, same-model drives, and
also loads from the same disk using the same drive), it is a good practice to
sync to a minimum value of the frame count rather than an exact one:
wait:
lda framecountlo
cmp nextloadlo
lda framecounthi
sbc nextloadhi
bcc wait; branch if framecount < nextload
; load next file
This way, given enough headroom between loads, after a delayed loading-finished
event, the next file would be loaded immediately, with the chain of events
eventually catching up with the desired synchronisation.
Dir-art
-------
Changing the amount of file blocks in the directory is strongly discouraged, as
this would disturb speculative loading and either slow down loading or cause
data to be loaded beyond the file's dedicated memory areas.
However, there are a few ways to have an artful directory without interfering
with the loading scheme:
Program files are recognised by the loader regardless of their apparent type, so
anything else than PRG is allowed, including deleted PRG files.
For non-files, set their starting track to 0, such that they would not
needlessly occupy space in the drive-side directory buffer, and also for the
loadnext feature to work correctly.
In order to only have only the first few characters of filenames be significant
for identification, set the FILENAME_MAXLENGTH option in the configuration file
to the amount of desired chars, e.g. 1, such that chars in the directory-listed
filenames beyond the first are ignored, and loading is effectively by names
like "1*", "A*", etc.
For full freedom with the directory, including manipulating the amount of file
blocks listed, set DIRTRACK in the configuration file to anything else than 18
(recommended is 17 or 19 to minimise seek times to and from the shadow directory
track), such that a shadow directory is used on that track by the loader. This
shadow directory would list the files normally, but be hidden and separate from
the normal directory listing, which can then be manipulated freely.
Consider using cc1541 in loader/tools/cc1541 for creating disk images with a
shadow directory.
Optimising for speed
--------------------
To get closer to the maximum speed, a few rules can be followed. These include
but are not limited to:
The fewer and the bigger files are required to load a set of data, the faster
the data is loaded. Thus, it can be beneficial to pad gaps between loaded data,
or to re-arrange data, and merge files, minimising the number of files loaded.
For better decrunch performance while loading, it may also be beneficial to
have the most compressible data at the beginning and progressively less
compressible data towards the end of a file.
Generally, it's advisable to store sequentially-loaded files on ascending
tracks rather than alternatingly around the directory track 18.
Loading uncompressed files, the loader's native interleave is 4 revolutions for
tracks 1-17, and 3 revolutions for tracks 18+. Thus, the highest raw throughput
is obtained on tracks 18-24, then 25-30, then 31+, and finally 1-17.
Loading compressed files, the loader's native interleave is 4 revolutions
across the entire disk. Thus, the highest throughput is obtained on tracks 1-17
then progressively decreasing with higher track numbers.
The loader's speculative loading detects interleaves. However, the expected
block allocation does not follow the same rules as saving with the drive's
native DOS.
This means that when adding the interleave on the current sector number in order
to obtain the next one, and there is a wrap (next sector >= number of sectors on
this track), then the new sector after wrap is a simple modulo on the number of
sectors the track can hold. I.e.,
sector = (sector + interleave) % number_of_sectors[track];
The DOS, instead, performs
sector += interleave;
if (sector >= number_of_sectors[track]) {
sector -= number_of_sectors[track];
if (sector > 0) {
--sector;
}
}
While loading to the RAM under the I/O registers at $d000-$dfff is optionally
possible, it may slow down loading and increases the size of the resident
loader portion. Avoiding this option and working around loading to $d000-$dfff
by copying after loading or decompressing to that range only after loading may
speed up general loader operation.
Consider using cc1541 in loader/tools/cc1541 for creating disk images with
optimised layouts.
Loading in the background
-------------------------
The loader normally loads in the mainline thread. If it shall load within a
periodically-executed interrupt handler, i.e., in another mainline thread, the
context must be switched accordingly. That is, stack pointer, registers and
condition flags must be buffered when switching from the current thread, and the
context of the thread being switched to must be restored. This can be
implemented on top of the loader and is orthogonal to its functionality.
Saving files
------------
To build the loader with file-save functionality, run, e.g.,
$ make save ZP=e8 INSTALL=1000 RESIDENT=cd00 TRANSIENT=2000
in loader or loader/src.
Additionally to install-c64.prg, loader-c64.prg, and loadersymbols-c64.inc, this
will produce save-c64.prg in loader/build, assembled to the TRANSIENT memory
region.
Files can be saved like so:
ldx #<saveparams
ldy #>saveparams
jsr save
bcs error
; file was saved successfully
[...]
saveparams:
.word filename
.word $2000; from
.word $0123; length in bytes
.word $2000; loadaddress
.word $8000; drive-code buffer, $0800 bytes to scratch
filename:
.petscii "hiscores"
.byte 0
The file to save must exist on disk prior to saving. I.e., it is overwritten
in its entirety, replacing the original file.
Note that save-c64.prg need not be resident in computer memory, and can be
loaded, used and then overwritten again.
Refer to loader/samples/save for an example.
Limitations
-----------
Internally, the loader's drive-side directory buffer stores 16-bit hash values
of filenames. There is a certain chance of collision, such that two files with
different filenames may have the same filename hash and thus appear as the same
file to the loader, and it would "randomly" load either file without reporting
an error. Using cc1541 in loader/tools/cc1541, hash collisions are detected and
can then be worked around by renaming files or changing the loader's
FILENAME_MAXLENGTH configuration setting, which must be reflected with cc1541's
-M option.
There must always be at least 2 file entries in the directory.
The final directory block must begin with 00 ff. Some custom disk image creation
tools produce an erroneous final directory block, such that its first bytes are
00 00. This is an invalid block length, and the loader rejects blocks with
invalid track/sector links or block sizes. In the case of an invalid directory
block, the loader keeps retrying to read it, effectively locking up.
As mentioned in the dir-art section, the number of file blocks listed in the
directory must not be changed, unless having a shadow directory (with the actual
number of file blocks).
If the loader is given extremely little raster time for loading, or even starved
for multiple video frames, it's adviseable to enable the DISABLE_WATCHDOG option
in loader/include/loader.inc. This will disengage the watchdog interrupt in the
drive-side code portion, which is otherwise triggering on protocol breaches and
would reset the drive on unexpected errors, such as the computer crashing or
resetting during loading, or cartridge freeze. The rationale is that the drive
would become accessible normally without the need to power-cycle or manually
reset it.
If not using Bitnax, LZSA2, tinycrunch, TSCrunch or ZX0, compressed files will
usually go a few bytes beyond their corresponding uncompressed data. This means
that some bytes directly after the uncompressed files' range in memory are
overwritten. This can be worked around by not using those areas while loading.
However, when crunched files are larger than their uncompressed counterparts,
data before the uncompressed memory region may be overwritten. To work around
this, add some padding at the end of the uncompressed files.
License
-------
TL;DR: Please give credit, thanks.
When using this software or a derivative thereof in own works, please give
appropriate credit, e.g., "Loader by Krill".
This does not need to be on prominent display within the actual running
production itself, but at least in an accompanying note, readme, info file,
directory, or a similar means of attribution contained in the official release
archive or disk images.
Exclusively external credits on websites or online forums are no such instances.
Copyright 2022 Gunnar Ruthenberg
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice in
an appropriate form, e.g., "Loader by Krill" displayed anywhere in the actual
production itself and/or accompanying documentation contained in the official
release archive or disk images.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
Third-party software (particularly in loader/tools and loader/samples/resources)
and its derivatives (particularly in loader/src/decompress) are not affected and
retain their original licenses.
Thanks
------
For extensive beta-testing, i thank, in alphabetical order:
Adder, Algorithm, ChristopherJam, Dr. Science, Jojeli, Mr Ammo, Nomistake,
Perplex, q0w, root42, willymanilly.
For some extra-extensive testing effort, i thank, again:
q0w and Dr. Science.
Special thanks to Bitbreaker for coming up with the partial overlap GCR decoding
trick that has made the 124-cycle read loop possible, and to ChristopherJam aka
Shrydar, again, for some valuable ideas and input, and the concentric circles
bitmap.